A Snapshot of Women Faculty at Northwestern University Medical School

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25, 50, 75 and 100 years ago

Dates: Nov. 2 2021 to March 20, 2023
Contact: ghsl-specialcollections@northwestern.edu

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Snapshots of Women Faculty was created to celebrate more than 100 years of women's contributions to research and education at Northwestern University Medical School (NUMS), now known as Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. This exhibit provides a momentary glimpse into the lives and work of women faculty from 25, 50, 75 and 100 years ago.  

This exhibit was designed to accompany Rise, Serve, Lead! America’s Women Physicians, which was to appear at Galter in 2021. Because of COVID-19 restrictions, Rise, Serve, Lead! was not loaned for exhibition. 

 

Though they have always been caregivers and healers, women have long endured prejudice, obstacles and limited opportunities when formally pursuing work in the health sciences. Specifically in academic medicine, women were often pigeon-holed into certain specialties with which they were deemed compatible, or they chose fields that men had effectively overlooked, such as the care of women, children and mental illness. Women were often kept at lower ranks than their male peers, serving as instructors and assistants, or never making the rank of a full professor. Augusta Webster, MD 1932, one of the first women to earn an MD from NUMS, was also the first woman to be promoted to a full professorship here in 1960, when the medical school turned 101 years old.  

Through this exhibit, we hope to recognize and celebrate the careers of women over a span of decades at FSM, while also showing the disparity and hardships that were present for them. Snapshots of Women Faculty celebrates women who succeeded in a field long considered inappropriate for or incompatible with women. Whether they knew it or not, these women were breaking ground and making the pathway to practice medicine and research more accessible.

1921: 100 Years Ago

Bar chart titled “Faculty by gender, 1921–1922” showing 2% women and 98% men. 

Photographic portrait of Anna R. LaphamAnna R. Lapham, MA, MD (1869–1953) 

  • Position in 1921: Demonstrator, Operative Obstetrics 
  • Years at NU: 1919-1953 

Anna Lapham was the first woman faculty member at Northwestern University Medical School. She became an assistant professor in 1926, when the Medical School began admitting women (she served as the unofficial Dean of Women during this time, too). Lapham was an attending obstetrician at Chicago Lying-In Hospital, a maternity hospital that provided high-quality care to women of all races and classes. She obtained emerita status in 1946.

Photographic portrait of Reba HanerReba C. Haner, MS (1896–1982) 

  • Position in 1921: Assistant, Bacteriology 
  • Years at NU: 1920-1925 

Reba Haner earned her MS in 1920 from the University of Wisconsin and immediately began a research fellowship in Bacteriology at Northwestern. She co-authored seven papers with Arthur Kendall, the chair of the department and dean of the medical school. In 1925, Haner left Northwestern and married Albert W. Hall (MD Class of 1925), who became one of the founding members of the MacNeal Hospital. She lived in Berwyn with her husband and four children. 

Reba Haner posing in a laboratory with other faculty members.

Photographic portrait of Melanie SchillingMelanie Schilling, MS (1898–1997)

  • Position in 1921: Assistant, Clinical Pathology 
  • Years at NU: 1921-1934 

Melanie Schilling began her career at Northwestern and Wesley Memorial Hospital immediately after graduating from the University of Illinois. Looking to further her education, Schilling earned an MS from the University of Minnesota in 1929. She was then appointed as an Instructor in Medicine at Northwestern. In 1934, Melanie moved to Minneapolis, MN, with her husband, Lincoln Katter, where they lived with their two children.

Photographic portrait fo Margaret WilsonMargaret Wilson, PhD, MD (1894–1954) 

  • Position in 1921: Assistant, Anatomy 
  • Years at NU: 1919-1921 

Margaret Wilson earned her PhD in neuroanatomy in 1922, becoming the first person awarded a PhD from any professional school at Northwestern. She and her husband, Ralph Gerard, continued their education together at Rush Medical College and were awarded MDs in 1926. Wilson became a leading child psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, well known for her work as a faculty member of the School of Social Service Administration at the University of Chicago and as the psychiatrist for the Illinois Children’s Home and Aid Society. 

Margaret had a rare gift also to lead students imaginatively to consider the meaning of one person to another in a specific social context, the bigness of small things in the life of a child, the profound import in general of child to parent and parent to child, and, specifically now, their need of one another in a stress situation. 

—Towle, Charlotte. “In Memoriam: Margaret Wilson Gerard, M.D., 1894-1954,” Social Service Review. June 1954, 28(2):216. 

1946: 75 Years Ago

Bar chart titled “Faculty by gender, 1946–1947” showing Women at 9% and Men at 91%.

Photographic portrait of Beatrice TuckerBeatrice E. Tucker, MD (1897–1984) 

  • Position in 1946: Associate Professor, Obstetrics & Gynecology 
  • Years at NU: 1933-1984  
Beatrice Tucker was the medical director of the Chicago Maternity Center, an obstetrical home delivery program, from 1932 until it closed in 1973. In addition to helping women deliver babies, Tucker taught roughly 400 students each year, plus physicians from other states and countries who came to learn from her expertise in the management of labor and delivery. The Center delivered more than 100,000 babies at home over those 40 years while maintaining a low mortality rate unrivaled by hospitals. She earned emerita status in 1962. 

I was one of the nurses that worked there [Chicago Maternity Center]. I became familiar with the center as a student nurse and was employed there after graduating from nursing school. Dr. Tucker was a remarkable individual that truly believed in birth as a natural process, that involved the family as an integral part of the birthing experience. Birth was an incredible miracle not with the wailing, drugs and paternalism of the hospital experience that I saw in my OB experience. As a young nurse it was remarkable and as a young woman an eye opener to the beauty and miracle of birth. Thank you, Maternity Center and Dr. Beatrice Tucker." 

—Mary Amari, RN. Quoted in “Dr Beatrice Tucker: Home Birth for Chicago's Working Class,” Chicago Women’s Liberation Union Herstory Project. 

I believe in home obstetrics. I think a woman has the right to choose where she wants to have her baby."

—Beatrice Tucker, Chicago Daily News, March 15, 1973. 

The national maternal death rate in the 1930s was 1 per 175. The [Chicago Maternity] center’s record at the time was less than 1 death per 1,200 births… The center’s insistence on absolute cleanliness surrounding the mother, coupled with the home setting, where the mother was not exposed to external sources of contagion, was part of the reason for the center’s success." 

—Schultz, Rima and Adele Hast, editors. Women Building Chicago: 1790-1990: a biographical dictionary. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 2001, p. 896.

Photographic portrait of Maria ArellanoMaría Ramírez de Arellano, PhD, MD (1915–2017) 

  • Position in 1946: Fellow, Institute of Neurology 
  • Years at NU: 1938-1951 (as student & fellow) 

María Isabel “Marisa” Ramírez de Arellano, born in Puerto Rico, earned four degrees from Northwestern: BS (‘42), MS (‘45), PhD (‘49) and MD (‘51), all while raising three children with her husband Max, also an MS and MD student at Northwestern. They returned to Puerto Rico in 1953, where they opened separate practices in neurology and neurosurgery. Ramírez de Arellano later established one of the first electroencephalography laboratories in Puerto Rico and won support from the National Institutes of Health. 

Photographic portrait fo Edith FarnsworthEdith B. Farnsworth, MD, MS (1903–1977) 

  • Position in 1946: Associate Professor, Medicine 
  • Years at NU: 1942-1969 

Edith Farnsworth earned an MD from Northwestern in 1939, one of only four women in her class. During World War II, Farnsworth rose through the ranks of a traditionally male field to become an associate professor of medicine at Northwestern, specializing in nephrology. In 1948, she made national headlines for being the first to clinically use ACTH in the treatment of nephrotic syndrome. Farnsworth retired from medicine in 1969 and moved to Italy, where she published translations of Italian poetry. 

Those dim hours spent beside the bed of poor [name redacted] opened for me a series of meditations, not only on hospital life and death, the obligations and the privileges of the attending and the house staffs, but on concepts of diseases, particularly the pathogenesis of nephritis...

...[Nephritis], first described around 1826 by Richard Bright and never subsequently challenged now appeared in a totally different light... The more I pondered, the more the “classical” theories seemed crude and naïve and the new possibilities seemed likely and worthy of exploration... 

...I was interested in the diseases characterized by massive edema, namely, hepatic cirrhosis, cardiac decompensation and nephritis and wanted to use ACTH as a research tool, hoping thereby to throw light upon the mechanism of the water-retention in the three situations...

...My line of reasoning was simple: if the renal tubules were acting under excessive stimulation and thereby reabsorbing excessive quantities of sodium and chloride, they might well respond differently to bombardment by ACTH, on the principle that a tired horse, if whipped, will behave differently from the horse which is fresh and rearing to go....

...Before long we had consistent data from six or eight cases representing various phases of nephritis–enough for the preliminary report required by Dr. Mote for the first conference on ACTH, to be held in October of 1949."

—Edith Farnsworth Papers, 1900-1977. The Newberry Library, Chicago. Partially available on archive.org. 

Farnsworth's house, designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

Designed by International Style leader Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and constructed from 1949-1951, the Farnsworth House represents the apex of Mies van der Rohe’s American career. Built as a country house for Edith Farnsworth, a single woman sympathetic to his aesthetic aims, the house comes as close as Mies van der Rohe ever came to achieving his vision of “beinahe nichts” or “almost nothing,” the reduction of every element to its essence." 

—Notes, Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) IL-1105. Library of Congress. 

In the summer, the glass box—essentially a greenhouse—suffered from insufficient ventilation, fully steamed-up windows, and a lack of air-conditioning. “You feel as though you are in a car in the rain with a windshield wiper that doesn’t work,” Farnsworth told Newsweek." 

Grace Perry, “Remembering the Farnsworth House Feud,” Chicago Magazine, March 16, 2020.

1971: 50 Years Ago

“Faculty by gender, 1971–1972” showing Women at 10% and Men at 90%.

Niles Newton at work with a colleagueNiles R. Newton, PhD (1923–1993) 

  • Position in 1971: Associate Professor, Psychiatry 
  • Years at NU: 1966-1993 

Niles Newton was a psychologist specializing in childbirth, maternal health and breastfeeding in particular. Newton and her obstetrician spouse, Michael Newton, MD, collaborated in much of her early lactation research, which provided the scientific basis for the midcentury back-to-breast movement. Newton was a prolific author, penning books, scholarly articles and “Your Family, Your Child,” a weekly column for the Chicago Tribune, in addition to foundational work for birth and lactation-related journals and societies. 

Alongside the names of famous men like Grantly Dick-Read and Benjamin Spock appears the name of Niles Newton. La Leche League selected Newton’s (1957) The Family Book of Child Care as their go-to parenting manual, preferring it even to Dr. Spock’s (1946) bestselling guide, The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care. Their recommendation makes sense given that La Leche League was critical of Spock for his book’s emphasis on formula making and feeding. La Leche League instead praised Newton’s book specifically for its novel presumption that an infant would, of course, be breastfed (La Leche League International, 1963, pp. 141-146). The assumption that breastfeeding was the obvious way to feed an infant, however, was exceedingly rare in the 1940s and remained so through the next 2 decades. So who was this Niles R. Newton, and how is it that, whereas names like Spock and even Read remain very well known in the history of maternity and childcare, few people (historian or otherwise) react with any recognition to her name?  

—Martucci, Jessica. “The Life and Legacy of Niles Polk Rumely Newton: Breastfeeding Researcher, Advocate, and Mother, 1923-1993.” Journal of Human Lactation. 2018 34(3):507. 

We must find more ways to help women feel good about mothering, wifing and comfortably using their unique female biological functions. True female self-esteem comes not from being just like men but enjoying the differences.  

—Newton, Niles. Newton on birth and women: selected works of Niles Newton, both classic and current. Seattle, WA: Birth & Life Bookstore, 1990: 1. 

Under Mead’s influence, Newton…began to articulate a perspective of the maternal body as a living and material source of truth, one that existed, in some small way, beyond the reach of the patriarchal social and cultural systems in which women lived. In making this shift, Newton began building a philosophical orientation that not only would underpin the entire back-to-the-breast movement, but it would eventually be recognizable in the radical politics of the women’s health movement, where women would learn to seek power and political identity through embracing their embodiment as women.  

—Martucci, Jessica. “The Life and Legacy of Niles Polk Rumely Newton." *this quotation did not appear in exhibit due to space constraints  

Photographic Portrait of Opal HeplerOpal E. Hepler, PhD, MD (1899–1993) 

  • Position in 1971: Professor Emerita, Pathology 
  • Years at NU: 1929-1993 

Opal Hepler spent her entire education and career at Northwestern, rising from student to lab technologist to professor of pathology, director of multiple clinical laboratories and director of Northwestern’s Medical Technology program. Her book, Manual of Clinical Laboratory Methods, laid out simple directions for the lab work required of medical students and technologists. It filled a gap in the literature and was the standard across the world for decades. In 1991, Northwestern dedicated a lab in honor of her 50 years of contributions to pathology. 

Most laboratory workers were women. A few men did go into histological technique, but now more men are entering the medical technology profession. Pathologists did their own lab work or trained their own technicians. 

—Hepler in: Kahn, "A Laboratory Medicine Profile: Dr. Opal Hepler—Pathologist, Author, Teacher," Laboratory Medicine 6, no. 3 (March 1975): 9.

Hepler,eight years into retirement, working on a revision of her pathology manual.

Photographic portrait of Ruth FreinkelRuth K. Freinkel, MD (1926–2014) 

  • Position in 1971: Associate Professor, Dermatology 
  • Years at NU: 1966-1995 

Ruth Freinkel joined the Department of Dermatology in 1966 as its first full-time faculty member. She was a clinician, instructor and bench scientist, most well known for her work on acne and the biology of the skin. Throughout her career, Freinkel was often one of the first dermatologists to be elected to various councils and professional societies, not to mention frequently the first or only woman to be involved with those organizations. In 2010, Northwestern honored her lifetime achievements by endowing a professorship in her name. 

You were a pioneer. Were you often the only woman? 

Mostly in everything I did I was the only woman. Those were different times. There weren’t many women [in medicine] and women didn’t do research. If they went into medicine at all, they were nurses or maybe some kind of doctors, but they didn’t do research. 

Did you recognize that you were a trailblazer in research? 

You know, when you’re blazing trails you don’t really know it; you know you just move ahead and try not to step into the manure.

—Ruth Freinkel interview with Amy Paller, June 28, 2010. The Society for Investigative Dermatology. 2014 134: 2670.

1996: 25 Years Ago

Two bar charts comparing faculty gender distribution: 1) 1996–1997: Women 29%, Men 71% 2) 2021–2022: Women 50%, Men 50%.

“Sandra Olson, MD with Wanda Gawel” in white and teal font on a blue rectangle. Below, a quote says: “I kept examining my decision because everyone said medical school would be tougher for a woman. I wanted to be sure that I really wanted to do this because I didn’t want to take up a space and then not use the education. I felt a moral responsibility for that.”Sandra F. Olson, MD 

  • Position in 1996: Associate Professor, Clinical Neurology 
  • Years at NU: 1969-present 

Sandra Olson (’63 MD) became an attending physician at NMH and an instructor in neurology at the medical school in 1969. She served as the first female chief of staff at NMH in 1982. Olson was also the first woman president of several organizations, including the Illinois State Medical Society, the Chicago Medical Society, and the Chicago Neurological Society. Olson is a professor emerita in the Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology.

A photo shows an adult and a child seated at a piano, with the child’s hands on the keys. The image includes a colorful geometric background with text overlay. At the top, in white and teal font on a blue rectangle, it reads: “Cheryl Woodson, MD with daughter Lauren.” To the right, a quote says: “Everybody has to make that decision for themselves. I don’t fault any woman for making another decision, but I believe that the women’s movement gave us choices. We have more options than just maternal servitude or sterile workaholism.”Cheryl E. Woodson, MD 

  • Position in 1996: Assistant Professor, Medicine 
  • Years at NU: 1991-1996 

Cheryl Woodson began her career as the director of the Geriatrics Fellowship Program at the University of Chicago and Oak Forest Hospital. In 1991, she started at Northwestern University Medical School as an Assistant Professor in Medicine and served as the director of clinical education for the Buehler Center on Aging and the Division on Geriatric Medicine. After leaving Northwestern, she took on various roles in the geriatric medical field, becoming an award-winning author and guiding patients as an expert in professional eldercare.  

A historical photo shows two individuals in a laboratory setting, one holding a glass container. The image is overlaid on a colorful geometric background with text. At the top, the text reads: “I entered the academic/research world at a time when things were just beginning to change. Women like Estelle Ramey and Neena Schwartz were raising awareness about the inequities. I am indebted to them as well as to the male colleagues who helped me establish my career. Having said that, I have had difficulties that males may not have experienced. When I applied to graduate school, one of the interviewers asked, ‘How long do you think you will stick with this before you become pregnant and quit?’ Of course, no one could legally ask that now. I don’t recall exactly what I said, probably something to the effect that I planned to stick with it.” At the bottom left, in white and teal font on a blue rectangle, it says: “Paula Stern, PhD with Michael Glade.”Paula H. Stern, PhD 

  • Position in 1996: Professor, Pharmacology 
  • Years at NU: 1966-present 

Paula Stern started at Northwestern in 1966 as an assistant professor in pharmacology and earned the status of full professor in 1977. Throughout her career, Stern published over 200 papers and served as vice president of the National Osteoporosis Foundation and as president of the American Society of Bone and Mineral Research. Stern obtained emerita status in 2017 and was honored with an annual award established in her name that recognizes a woman faculty member for excellence in research and teaching at Feinberg. 

A black-and-white photo shows two individuals seated at a desk in an office setting, with bookshelves and a computer in the background. The image is overlaid on a colorful geometric design with text. At the top right, in white and teal font on a blue rectangle, it reads: “Linda Teplin, PhD with Robbin Pott.” To the left, the main text says: “Dr. Teplin joined the Medical School faculty as an assistant professor at a time when women professors were few in the ranks of academia. She encountered faculty information forms that requested her ‘wife’s’ name and even signage at Northwestern that indicated a clear bias. ‘There were two restrooms: one labeled “Faculty” and the other “Ladies.” I was confused. I didn’t know which one to use,’ says Dr. Teplin with a grin. ‘Being one of a few female faculty members was like being a pet at a family reunion. People weren’t exactly mean. They just didn’t know what to do with me.’”Linda A. Teplin, PhD 

  • Position in 1996: Professor, Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences 
  • Years at NU: 1976-present 

Linda Teplin (‘75 PhD) began as a faculty member at the medical school in 1976 and reached full professor status in 1991. Throughout her 45-year career, Teplin has undertaken impactful research on vulnerable and understudied populations. She is the Owen L. Coon Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences & Medicine, the director of Health Disparities and Public Policy, and the Vice Chair of Research for the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences.

A magazine page titled “Class of ’96 has female majority” with two text sections. The first section explains that the Class of 1996, with 180 students, is the largest freshman class ever at the Medical School and, for the first time, females make up more than half—51.7%—of students who began classes in September. It notes that applications for admission in 1992 increased by 5.5% to 6,546, with 363 acceptances and 123 enrolled. Fifty-seven students were admitted through the Honors Program in Medical Education. Demographic details include students from 28 states, three foreign countries, and 66 undergraduate institutions. Fifty-three percent identify as white, 36.7% Asian, 2.7% African American, and 1.7% Hispanic, with ten students not indicating ethnicity. Additionally, 97.8% of new students report computer experience, and the curriculum emphasizes computer use in medicine.

Credits

Curated by Katie Lattal, MA, Special Collections Librarian; Ramune Kubilius, MALS, AHIP, Collection Development / Special Projects Librarian; Annette Mendoza, MLIS, former Research Impact Librarian; Corinne Miller, MLIS, Clinical Informationist; Annie Wescott, MLIS, Research Librarian; and Emma Wilson, Library Assistant.

Designed by Katie Lattal.

Bibliography

Archival Sources

  1. Arthur Kendall presentation album. 2016.15.0020. Galter Health Sciences Library Special Collections, Chicago, IL. 
  2. Edith Farnsworth Papers, 1900-1977. The Newberry Library, Chicago. https://archive.org/details/mms_farnsworth/page/n17/mode/thumb.  
  3. “Medical technologist.” Publicity Photographs: Prints, Negatives, Contact sheets, 1978-1990. 2018.17.110. Galter Health Sciences Library Special Collections, Chicago, IL. 
  4. Schwartz, Leslie, photographer. “General view from the southwest, showing south elevation - Edith Farnsworth House, 14520 River Road, Plano, Kendall County, IL.” Photograph. Historic American Buildings Survey IL-1105. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. https://www.loc.gov/item/il0323/ . 

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